Child Care Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Child Care - Research Paper Example In such a way, understanding the importance of a manager’s role and the means by which he/she can impact upon the stakeholders in the workforce is an issue of the utmost importance if a further degree of utility is to be expected from a domestic workforce. Luckily, the past several years has noted a dramatic increase with respect to the overall level of scholarship with regards to this particular topic. Special attention has always been on the effect of culture on the interactions between employees and the employer (Adler and Zhu, 2005). Nevertheless, gaps remain on the reasons of the disparities as observed in the relationships between the employee and the employer. This research therefore undertakes an intensive review of the available literature concerning the topic and the finding from the other studies in explaining the motivation of diverse employees within the realm of child-care and/or early education. It is worth noting that manager of a diverse workforce also finds t heir task defined with regards offering training to the employees for the skills and expertise already acquired while previously working. High task readiness implies that the staff are well prepared to attend to tasks as assigned through acquired skills and knowledge while a low task readiness imply that they lack the necessary skills to handle the tasks assigned. It is the hope of this author that such a unit of analysis will be useful in helping the reader to come to a more profound understanding with regards to the approach, best practices, and motivational theories that should be engaged/utilized as a function of seeking to leverage further integration between functional expertise and work flexibility. Introduction One might be tempted to assume that the impact that a given manager may have with regards to the motivation of employees at the local level of education might be rather small. However, this is the opposite of what can be observed. Due to the fact that the cultural dis similarity, that is so oftentimes represented, is primarily impacted upon by the norms and mores of culture that are created as a process of maturity and development in a particular society; this has been deemed by many researchers, including this analysis, to be of the highest importance in helping to constrain and define the term. Although it is true that a host of factors impact upon the level and extent to which individuals within positions of leadership can interact with those under their purview, it is the factor of employee motivation that is of the most specific interest to this particular analysis. Moreover, due to the fact that the topic in and of itself is extraordinarily broad, the research will attempt to approach it from the perspective the way in which work flexibility and the appreciations surrounding diversity can be applied to the many different theories of motivation; theories that have thus far helped to define the way in which managers and leaders integrate with their respective stakeholders within any firm, organization, or institution. Literature review Most opinions are

Critically evaluate the underlying dynamics which were operating in Essay

Critically evaluate the underlying dynamics which were operating in the videoed mediation and negotiation sessions, which formed - Essay Example Movies are considered as that mode, which can be easily understood by almost everyone, no matter how old or young. In this way, this tool of entertainment can help participants to learn from movies and remember the moral of that movie. There are number of movies, within which, the particular lesson can be found. However, a large number of negotiators and mentors create their own movies. The only purpose of creating movies is better customization as compared to commercial movies and other video clips. Arguments, frictions, differences, skirmishes and fights, etc. are some the reasons causing disputes among people. There are various ways of resolving such disputes among which mediation and negotiations pose greater importance. These two techniques are considered as the premier techniques of dispute resolution, however, nowadays these techniques are taught in different style i.e. through videos. This article specifically aims at highlighting the dynamics, which are operating in the medi ation and negotiation session using videos. The structure of this article is formed in such a manner that the brief definitions and explanations of the mediation and negotiation is provided at the initial stage. ... The third party is an impartial and independent party having no interests on either side except the dispute resolution. Independent party listens and understands the viewpoint of both the parties, clarifies the issue, discusses further points, and reaches at an agreement, which is in the best interest of both the parties. This dispute resolution technique is a voluntary technique. However, some organizations may legalize this technique as a compulsory technique for the resolution of internal disputes among the organizational participants. Negotiation Negotiation is also a problem solving techniques for the disputes arising among the parties over a particular matter. Under this technique, both the parties initiate the discussions to resolve the issue in a good faith. Both parties put their points of concerns to each other, understands each other’s viewpoint, discusses and seek their flexibility to bargain over the issue and reaches at an agreement accordingly. The technique is a voluntary technique, however, unlike mediation; no external party to the dispute is involved in this technique. Organizations may use these techniques as a compulsory way of dispute resolutions. Critique and practice are essential for acquiring any new skills, which also includes the ability of mediating and bargaining. However, before trying something, many people prefer watching a skilled person doing that task. This paper aims to reveal how commercial films and videos can be used to enhance the skills of mediation and negotiation. Role Playing vs. Video Role-playing is considered less formal because usually students or viewers burst into humor. Instead of learning the purpose of role-playing, viewers begin to take that as a comedy. Another problem

Advantages and Disadvantages of Nutrigenomics

Advantages and Disadvantages of Nutrigenomics The word Nutrigenomics is a combination of nutrition and genomics. Nutrition is about the relationship between food and health; genomics is the study of entire genetic makeup of an organism and how they are expressed and regulated. Therefore, nutrigenomics is a field which concerned about the relationship between diet and gene expression by describing the approach to nutrition and human health that studies the implication of genetic differences in human response to food and how food alter the gene expression, biochemistry, metabolism and promotion of health (Elliot R, 2002). In other words, nutrigenomics is the study and application of gene and nutrition interaction. Besides, nutrigenomics also provides a basis for understanding the biological activity of food components (Rawson N, 2008). In addition, nutrigenomics has also been described by the influence of genetic variation on nutrition by correlate the gene expression with a nutrients absorption, metabolism and how it is eliminate d from our body. In nutrigenomics, nutrients are seen as signals that are detected by a sensory system in the cell that tells the body cells about its environment (diet). Once the nutrient interacts with such system, it alters the gene, metabolite production and protein expression in depending on the level of nutrient it detected (Afman and Muller M, 2006). Hence, different diets will elicit different patterns of gene, protein expression and metabolite production. Such patterns of effects have been referred to as dietary signatures, where they are examined to investigate how homeostasis is influenced (Afman and Muller M, 2006). There are many ways on how nutrigenomics is useful to improve quality of life. Firstly, nutrigenomics define the causality relationship between specific nutrients and diet on human health by determining the mechanism of the effect of the nutrients or diet to human body. Besides, nutrigenomics helps to facilitate prevention through dietary modification when the diet-related diseases are detected in early stage. Nutrigenomics also allows the examination on how nutrients affect the genes present in the human genome. With all these reasons, nutrigenomics promotes and improves the understanding of people on how nutrition influence metabolic pathways and alter the homeostatic control in our body. Moreover, nutrigenomics is also able to demonstrate the impact of bioactive food compounds and its effect on human health, which should lead to the development of functional foods that will keep people healthy based to their individual needs. Then, this will further prevent development of chronic diet-related disease such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, nutrigenomics also involve in finding markers of the early phase of diet-related diseases. At this phase, intervention with nutrition approach can restore patients health. Once a marker has been found and measured in an individual, the stage of susceptibility of the person to develop the diet-related diseases can be quantified and personalized dietary recommendation can be then given to that particular individual and further improve his or her quality of life. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the lifestyle diseases and it is the most common cause of death all over the world. In Malaysia, about 30% of deaths are caused by CVD (WHO, 2009). There are many factors that can lead to CVD. For example, elevated low density lipoprotein (LDL) level, low level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and high level of total cholesterol. Diet has a significant effect on CVD. However, long term health benefits can be obtained from dietary proteins and bioactive non-nutrients, called phytochemicals, which could be either integrated into the diet or be part of the food itself. One of the foods that can be used to reduce the risk of getting CVD is soybean. Soybean contain soy protein and it contains phytoestrogens which bind to estrogen receptors in the body. Besides, soybean also contains high level of Isoflavones. There are three major isoflavones in soybeans which are genistein, daidzein and glycetein. Isoflavones have a non-steroidal structure. However , they possess a phenolic ring that enables them to bind the estrogen receptor and act either as estrogen agonists or antagonists (Makela et al., 1995). One of the ways to prevent or reduce the risk of getting CVD is by lowering the LDL cholesterol level in our blood. The LDL is the major cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein in plasma and it is the causal agent of CVD and coronary heart disease. The major determinants of LDL cholesterol levels in the blood are depend on the number and activity of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). These LDLRs are mostly found on the surface of the hepatic cells. The LDLR controls the uptake of LDL from the circulation and its intracellular degradation by a process known as the LDLR pathway (Anne K Sautar, 2010). According to Manzoni et al, 2003, the peptides formed by the digestion of soy protein up-regulate hepatic LDLR in the mechanism for the cholesterol lowering effects of soy protein. Based on several clinical studies and researches, Sirtori et al (1995) suggested that soy protein can up-regulates LDLR in human. By consuming soy protein with isoflavones, LDLR will be stimulated and increase th e uptake of LDL from the circulation and reduce the LDL level in the blood. This will further decrease the risk of getting cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, the number of LDLRs is regulated by a negative-feedback loop. An increase in hepatocyte cholesterol level will suppress the transcription of LDLR genes and retain LDL in the plasma. In contrast, a decline in hepatic cholesterol will stimulates the transcription of LDLR genes and then removes the LDL from the plasma (Elizabeth G, 2003). In addition, Baum et al, 1998, suggested that isoflavones may increase the efficiency to eliminate LDL from the blood by increasing LDLR densities in the liver. Besides, Anderson et al (1995) also suggested that level of total cholesterol and LDL can be lowered by consuming soy protein with isoflavones. A review of 38 controlled studies on soy and CVD concluded that soybean is definitely effective in improving the cholesterol profile. Interestingly, there are some studies shown that with low c oncentrations of genistein could up-regulate LDL receptor activity and increase LDL receptor gene expression (Kanuck and Ellsworth, 1995). However, there is also some evidence that isoflavones are the active compound in soy in responsible for lowering the LDL in blood and may offer protection against CVD. Therefore, the mechanisms by which soy modulates blood cholesterol and lipoprotein levels in order to prevent or lower the risk of CVD need further research. There are many advantages of nutrigenomics. One of the advantages is nutrigenomics helps to improve our quality of life by promotes an increase of understanding on how nutrition affects metabolism, homeostatic control and introducing the prevention of chronic diet-related diseases to the people. Nutrigenomics also helps in preventing or delaying the onset of diet and lifestyle related disease such as obesity, cancer, CVD and diabetes mellitus. Apart from chemical drug treatment and therapy, nutrigenomics also acts as supporting element to fasten recover and prevent further damage caused by disease. For example, an individual that are diagnosed to have CVD, with the knowledge of nutrigenomics, they can change their dietary intake to lower their low density lipoprotein level and increase their high density lipoprotein level in their body to prevent and minimized the impact of CVD to their body. In addition, nutrigenomics also helps a country to save cost in a long-term prospect. This i s because with the development of nutrigenomics, it can leads to prevention of diseases and thus reduces the cost of treatment, along with decrease in the countrys burden of disease, which then decrease the cost of the government that allocates for health therapy and health services to the community. When there are advantages, there will be disadvantages. One of the disadvantages of nutrigenomics is costly and time-consuming. Nutrigenomics researches need long-term intervention trials to determine the causal relationship between nutrition and ways of prevention, as well as the outcome of disease which is time-consuming and costly. The methods for measuring dietary intake are much more imprecise when compared to genetic or biochemical measurement. Another disadvantage of nutrigenomics is ethnical implication. Since nutrigenomics include genetic test by the usage of samples from identified populations, ethical and legal implication may appear. The management of genetic information, consent, confidentiality, non-medical uses of information by employers and insurers are some of the ethnical issues that may arise. Furthermore, nutrigenomics might misused by some companies. Recently, the interest of public in this field is increasing. As a result, in United States, some companies are t aking this advantage by providing nutrigenomics services to public. These companies may mislead the consumer by making health-related predictions that are medically unproven or asking their customer to buy costly supplement that they claimed to be developed according to an individuals unique DNA. Moreover, nutrigenomics tests and researches require a large study population of patients and controls to investigate combinations of genetic variants and impact of nutrients in relation to a disease. Thus, it is difficult to visualize the combined data and analyzed, and in an integrated manner, how multiple gene and multiple nutrients interact simultaneously. In conclusion, nutrigenomics has great potential to benefit medical science in the future. However, it is still only in its infant state and there are many uncertainties about its further development.

Characters, Language and Physical Characteristics in I Never Promised Y

Characters, Language and Physical Characteristics in I Never Promised You a Rose Garden   Ã‚  Ã‚   A past of discomfort and sorrow, loneliness and pain shadowed an innocent girl with so much potential. She lay broken under the weight of her own secret longing, while no one seemed to care. Then, through a thick veil of anguish, Deborah noticed an unfamiliar, yet inviting light sprouting from within herself. Through the open door of this needed world Deborah ventured, drowning in her own relief. The Kingdom of Yr, Deborah's imaginary world, was so intricately created in the darkest corners of her mind that it became real to her. As time passed and Deborah became more desperate for belonging, Yr's bliss was all she lived for.      The combination of the delicacy and complexity of the imaginary world's complications, characters, fear, love and senses creates an inclination of Yr's reality within the reader. The secret world of Yr, which was introduced in the book I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (1964) by Hannah Green, deserves much consideration and attention. Its sophisticated structure makes even the most sane of human beings question their own perception of reality. The author brought the reality of Yr to life through three distinguished elements: characters, language and physical characteristics. Keep in mind, the very essence of reality is what one makes of it.      Yr portrayed several characters who harbored realistic characteristics. Although most of the characters were considered gods, Deborah was able to see, befriend and interact with them as if they were real companions. Anterrabae, the Falling God, was characterized by his hair of fire and endless decent through the dark midst of Yr. He... ... perfection or complete bliss, but a world of acceptance; she belonged to Yr. No matter how hard life became for Deborah, her boundless longing for acceptance was filled. Reality cannot be accurately described, because it is different for everyone. Deborah's desire to belong somewhere was enough to create her own world. For most "sane" beings of Earth, peace must stem from the satisfaction of believing the accepted thought that our world, Earth, is the only reality. Perhaps it is the "insane" who completely understand the essence of real life. They are not afraid to venture beyond the burning boundaries of truth to discover for themselves their personal reality. One can speculate that reality is precisely what one makes of it.    Works Cited    Green, Hannah. I Never Promised You a Rose Garden. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964.   

Pre-Med Seniors Preparing For Medical School

Tobin Robinson, Thalia Mulvihill, and Amanda O. Litz joined together to compose ‘Bound and Determined: Perceptions of Pre-Med Seniors Regarding Their Persistence In Preparing For Medical School.† Students are being examined on their different perceptions of studying and preparing for medical school placement exams. Studies show that classes are viewed on the values of where they contribute to their fields of study while the results of different perceptions are preparing students for further learning. Mulvihill begins by expressing how â€Å"much attention has been placed on factors such as science confidence and aptitude development, as well as persistence through difficult courses or academic programs.† (Weimar, 2012) In this approach, such topics can assist the student in understanding the factors that contribute to the high volume that may eventually change their academic focus. It is stated that â€Å"beginning students often predict they will receive a much higher course grade in introductory biology than what their current marks in the course would predict, and this trend occurs even when the instructor is transparent about the course grading process.† (Robinson, 224) There were also studies done on different programs that are characterized by an intense , short course span, consisting of only a few weeks of course instruction that consist for a certain number of hours a day. These classes were found to be successful in teaching science to a community college of students, especially those who involved shifting focus from lecture to active student learning, developing student leadership skills, and democratizing learning. (Lloyd & Eckhardt, 2010) Similar studies relating to the medical school admissions and underrepresented populations have found that certain medical school requirements, such as the MCAT, often hinder minority groups from medical school acceptance. (Henry, 2006) The MCAT has been a major hurdle for students seeking admissions to medical schools for a vast majority of years. In other words, this assessment can be categorized as a placement test into the student's desired medical school. Because of the extreme importance of test scores in school admissions, many students take the time to prepare through a private course that is, in no way, affiliated with their college or university. These courses will fall as the greatest way to prepare the collegiate senior in medical school acceptances. In Robinson, Mulvihill, and Litz's article in Bound and Determined: Perceptions of Pre-Med Seniors Regarding Their Persistence In Preparing For Medical School, the authors are gathering information and creating methods to prepare Pre-Medical college seniors for Medical school by assigning assessments and providing practices to be admitted into a collegiate medical program.

Case Study: Contextual Factors

I did my pupil instruction of Biological Science at Airport High School, in West Columbia, South Carolina. Airport High School is within the Lexington District Two School Community. The territory has 17 schools and about 8,800 pupils. Two of the 17 schools are high schools. The territory is composed 57.8 % White, 33.5 % African American, 6.0 % Hispanic, and 2 % other. Two environmental contextual factors include socioeconomics and the community population. The socio-economic position of the community consists chiefly of a in-between to low category population. Due to the low socio-economic position, the school is provided with plans, such as free or decreased tiffins. The purpose of this plan is to enable a manner for pupil to acquire repasts, therefore run intoing the basic demand of hungriness. Meeting the demand of hungriness will enable the pupil to concentrate in category and larn the stuff. The community population has been turning over the old ages. Many new schools have been established to run into this demand. However, due to miss of financess to construct and staff a sufficient figure of schools to back up the community, each schools population has increased. The territory shows support for the educational demands of all pupils. The territory has developed a parenting and household service plan called STAR. STAR is an acronym for Get downing Together†¦Arriving Ready. The plan is an early acquisition plan for parents and their kids birth to five old ages old. It helps give a head start on kids larning for qualified households run intoing the demand standards. Some of the demands standards are based off of the household ‘s primary linguistic communication and household income degree. Staticss have indicated that pupils coming from lower income households or English as a 2nd linguistic communication have more trouble in schools. This plan will assist supply them with a get downing foundation. Lexington County is composed of 5 school territories. The territory I taught at happens to be the lowest socioeconomic territory and receives less funding than the other territories. This evidently affects the teaching- acquisition procedure as they have less instructors and less financess to buy needful points for the schoolrooms in the territory. This frequently leads to pupils sharing books or the territory non being able to buy computing machines or other stuffs. The school is geographically located near the province ‘s capital and less than a stat mi from the Columbia Metropolitan Airport. At times, planes will wing near to the roof of the school doing a break in the category room. The noise disrupts the pupils thought and causes schoolroom speaking. Both of these have a negative consequence on the acquisition procedure. The schools population is higher than norm. As stated above, the community has tried to react to a turning population by constructing new schools. Airport High School, the instructor to student ratio is approximately dual what the recommended ratio should be. This places a strain on schoolroom direction and finally affects the sum of single attending a instructor can give to a pupil. Classroom factors that can impact the instruction and acquisition procedure are physical characteristics of the schoolroom, handiness of engineering equipment and resources, extent of parental engagement, and the schoolroom topic. Due to a deficiency of instructors, schoolrooms have to be combined. Once they are combined the schoolroom may be at capacity for the figure of pupils. The suites can go cramped for infinite and desk being closer together to suit everyone in. Uniting categories may intend that college readying and awards category pupil may be in the same room. This has an consequence on the teaching-learning procedure as the instructor has to accommodate a manner of instruction and proving that will make both degrees. A 2nd schoolroom factor is the handiness of engineering equipment and resources. For a biological scientific discipline category a research lab is needed for the survey. I have found that the budget was deficient to supply each pupil equal equipment and resour ces to execute some of the needed labs. To suit this, the labs were completed in little group scenes or put up as a individual presentation. Many households I encountered had both parents working or the pupil may come from a individual parent place. Because of this, the parents may merely be slightly active in the pupil larning as they do non experience they have the clip to be involved. The schoolroom topic of biological science was a new construct to many pupils. It was presenting thoughts and nomenclature they had ne'er heard earlier. This slowed the teaching-learning procedure because many things had to be introduced a small at a clip and frequently repeated. Student contextual factors such as age, developmental degrees, civilization and particular demands affect the direction and appraisal of larning. In high schools the pupils are at an age where they feel and act as if they already know everything. Some may move disengaged or disinterested. There may be pupils with different developmental degrees in one category room. Some pupils may hold single acquisition programs and have to go forth the room to take a trial with a counsellor. A instructor could hold particular instruction pupils in the schoolroom that need alterations. Cultural beliefs may forbid a pupil from executing a dissection in a lab. All of these are factors that a instructor must believe about in the development of their programs and appraisals. Student ‘s accomplishment and anterior cognition can besides act upon how a instructor plans their acquisition ends, direction, and appraisal. Teachers are required foremost to garner information about the pupils ‘ anterior acquisition and link the content and accomplishments to the pupil ‘s conceptual model for larning. A instructor must retrieve all, or possible, contextual factors that are present in the school, territory, and community in which the work. By understanding and cognizing the contextual factors a instructor can break fix their schoolroom direction so that all pupils are larning.

FBI Training Essay Example

FBI Training Essay Example FBI Training Review Essay Example FBI Training Review Essay Example The FBI represents the major home-base counter-terrorism agency with a long history, which is concentrated on legal activities that are protected by the First Amendment. The main purpose of the FBI is not based upon the criminal activity in home-base security investigations. Training and education are an integral part of career development of each FBI agent and policeman. Currently, the training method ideologies associated with how the FBI trains agents differs from and is in some cases similar to the quasi-militarism characteristic methodology, usually used in the typical police academy. How the FBI Trains Agents According to the guidance of the FBI training from March, 2012, the FBI training should be based upon such three main principles as adherence to the basic values of the FBI and conformation to constitutional principles; appropriate support with course materials, organization of training aimed at a targeted audience, and determination to provide message clarity; expertise education of trainers in the subject material (â€Å"The FBIs guiding principles: Touchstone document on training,† 2012). On the contrary, there are no certain standard guidelines or curriculum aimed at the direction and support of community policing by police organizations. However, due to the public disturb and hostility, police officers as well as te FBI agents should have various kinds of training and education (Yardley, 2013). According to the first principle, the FBI training has to emphasize protection of civil liberties and rights. Unlike the FBI, police agencies have their own standards, which are aimed at promotion of trust and cooperation among the public. Thus, the main idea of the police training method is the development of public communication (Yardley, 2013). Training of the FBI agents has to give accurate differentiation between representation and actions protected constitutionally and directed on achievement of social, political or other goals and forcible extremism that can be determined as the use, application of threat or use of violence or force. This distinction is based on the acknowledgment of the appropriate principle that is a simple association with the organizations, which shows that lawful (promotion) and illegal (violent extremism) purposes should not automatically lead to the definition that a corresponding individual promotes the implementation of the illegal purpose of the orga nization (â€Å"The FBIs guiding principles: Touchstone document on training,† 2012). The training of the FBI agents has to underline that any intelligence or investigative activity cannot be based only on the race, ethnic origin, nationality, or religious accessory. In particular, training has to concentrate on behavioral directories, which have a potential for the criminal or terrorist activity. However, the protest activity, religious expression, and maintenance of ideological or political convictions, which are protected by the constitution, should not be considered equal to terrorism or crime (â€Å"The FBIs guiding principles: Touchstone document on training,† 2012). However, the law enforcement officers’ training should be based upon interactive, experiential, and participatory activities. For example, the law enforcement training is based on problem-solving activities and stimulation exercises, which can develop and improve language and communication skills of the policemen (Yardley, 2013). The second principle claims that the FBI training has to serve the target audience in terms of the performance of duties within the zone of responsibility. In order for the training to be effective, it has to correspond to a relevant purpose, give knowledge, and create convenience for the further training. The training program has to be performed in a uniform format with corresponding training materials according to the advanced practice embodied in these leading principles (â€Å"The FBIs guiding principles: Touchstone document on training,† 2012). Unlike the FBI, law enforcement academies apply the ongoing communication training as the major element of the curriculum (Yardley, 2013). The third principle underlines that the real and future trainers have to be estimated regarding to their aptitude to follow the standards stated in the abovementioned document, their special knowledge of business, professionalism, and training methods. All printed materials have to be carefully analyzed by the specialized personnel having a proper level of corresponding subjects understanding. Authors and supervising personnel should turn to the assistance and consultancy of the FBI Academy personnel training in Quantico, the State of Virginia, which can be an effective source of the assistance and information, as well as monitoring during the development or revision of the program of training, especially concerning the correspondence of vocational training to certain purposes (â€Å"The FBIs guiding principles: Touchstone document on training,† 2012). Estimates of the supervision have to include the review of education levels of future trainers and their experience in a training subject. The corresponding training materials have to be requested from other FBI agencies or audience that was trained. The cultural background of the trainer and his or her experience in the law enforcement cannot replace the main knowledge and experience of training (â€Å"The FBIs guiding principles: Touchstone document on training,† 2012). Taking into account that fact that one of the main training ideas is communication with citizens, police trainers attend various courses, where they study the diversity in their communities and estimate certain case studies based upon reflections on the hate crimes. During these courses, police trainers improve their knowledge on how to communicate with the community and then provide this knowledge to the attendants on the position of a police officer at their local police academies. Moreover, unlike the FBI, police training departments use to practice staff exchange programs in order to improve the training capacity of their trainers (â€Å"ODIHR trains police trainers on preventing and responding to hate crimes,† 2013). The staff of the FBI has an access to various internal and external training and educational opportunities. All new employees take a basic course of orientation and receive a theoretical and practical training in the course of work. All special agents visit the new agent’s training class of the FBI in the FBI Academy in Quantico, the State of Virginia. All language analysts, intelligence analysts, surveillance specialists, and investigative specialists visit the Intelligence Career Service (ICS) of the FBI, which is the FBI training program. The FBI also has its own institute on training of the managerial personnel for future leaders in order to develop and improve their skills of the management and leadership. Besides, the FBI sponsors employees for the university and vocational training in programs, which are related to the FBI mission (â€Å"Education and training programs,† n.d.). As well as the FBI training curriculum, police academies use to check the basic knowledge of their applicants by means of online-based written exam providing the data on their math, writing, and reading. However, unlike the FBI, law enforcement academies also obtain the information on the applicants’ personality by means of these exams. Training of police officers is also held in a specialized educational establishment such as Law Enforcement Training Academy located in Tennessee. Nonetheless, the idea of a police officer training differs from the FBI training due to the fact that the characteristic training methodology used predominantly in the typical police academy is based upon the para-militarism. That means that paramilitary characteristics severely require the use of military terminology in order to create a warrior-like world-view among the officers. This methodology may lead to the creation of adherence to outmoded methods of training and operation, unlike the FBIs me thodology of encouraging the creativity (OConnor, 2010). The positions of the special agent at the FBI and the police officer represent a very responsible work. Both the special agent and policeman often appear in situations, which make immense demands to their physical opportunities. In these cases, the fitness condition of the FBI special agent or the police officer often is a decisive factor between the success and failure, and even life and death. Thus, all candidates for these positions must have an excellent physical condition. The indispensable condition of the candidate is an absence of disability, which can prevent in firearms application, raids or defensive tactics. All candidates for a position of the special agent have to be able to pass some tests to get the admission to the FBI Academy in Quantico (â€Å"FBI Special Agent physical requirements,† n.d.). In order to be convinced that special agents of the FBI are completely ready to carry out the duties as leaders in law enforcement agencies, applicants have to pass the standardized physical fitness test. Attendants on the position of the police officer are also requested to pass a physical agility test (OConnor, 2010). The test consists of four obligatory events, which are held in the following order: the maximum number of knee-bends per one minute, running on 300 meters (timed), the maximum quantity of press-ups without a temporary restriction, and running on one and a half miles (timed). The applicants who have successfully passed the official test are considered rather suitable for a safe and successful completion of physical trainings and classes in the defensive tactics as a part of training of new agents in the FBI Academy. Besides, all applicants have to pass the Farnsworth D-15 color vision test successfully; thus, they must have an excellent vision. The strict vision requir ements are based upon the fact that the FBI agents should operate the weapon without bad shots in extreme situations (â€Å"FBI Special Agent physical requirements,† n.d.). Last year, the Federal Bureau of Investigations made considerable changes to a pistol training mode of the agency. New protocols of the pistol training and also unified fire educational packages, which were used in each local office of the FBI, were changed in order to emphasize skills of shooting at a short range and the level of proficiency of the agents. These changes were adopted in order to train the agents better for life-threatening meetings with criminals during firefights in short distances (McCombie, 2013). Meantime, in 2008, all police departments all over the USA adopted the Police Firearms Training Survey, the aim of which was to collect and process the data on deadly force and handgun training practices and methods. In comparison to the FBI, the instructor development and stuffing in police academies remain at a rather low level. Some departments provide full-time instructors, the duty of which is handgun training. However, some departments provide instructors for which the handgun training activity is the collateral duty; thus, the required handgun trainings are relatively infrequently undertaken. Since the differentiation between the two concepts of â€Å"re-qualifying† and â€Å"training† of the officers has considerably grown, some departments decided to minimize their rote marksmanship testing resources use and, instead, concentrate on more beneficial practices and experiences. Unlike the FBI information exchange training principles, trainers of police departments often have no opportunity to access the administrative investigations results, which can be used as a motive force in the improvement of training programs (Morrison, n.d.). Unlike the FBI that is not disclosing the statistical data about the percentage of its agents, which were â€Å"feloniously† shot during the close firing, the Criminal Justice Information Services publishes the statistical data concerning police officers killed during short-distance firing with criminals. During the period of 2002-2011, a scaring number of local and state policemen was killed, and it consists of 500 officers. Thus, in order to prevent such staff loses, both law enforcements and FBIs boards decided to include the short-distance firing trainings into the general training course of their officers and agents (McCombie, 2013). However, unlike the typical police academies, the FBIs training schools made significant investments ailed at improvement of virtual simulation in the course of handgun training. In February 2012, for example, the system of Virtual Simulator Tactical Training was implemented into the course of the FBI agents training. This system is aimed at teaching the FBI agents to enter and clear accommodations in a proper way in order to detect potential suspects, timely achieve the ways of countering armed assaults, and determine the appropriateness of deadly force (McCombie, 2013). Indeed, the latest most effective innovation technology in the police training field was the adoption of the crime mapping process. Crime mapping is actually used as an efficient crime preventing tool and visual crimes trends determination in police practice. Thus, officers trained partially or fully in mechanics of crime mapping and valuable ideas of use of this technology at home departments. However, crime mapping principles are fully available only to detectives with the background in military intelligence analyzing. Before starting to deal with crime mapping, these detectives have to complete special free trainings (Schultz, 2007). According to the aforesaid information, the Federal Bureau of Investigation training curriculum is based upon the counter-terrorism idea. However, unlike the quasi-militarism training characteristic ideology that is predominantly used in the typical police academies, the FBIs ideology is offensive and aggressively corresponding to the Muslims. In 2012, the FBI was ordered to purge its counter-terrorism training materials because they were considered as informal in the actual political context by experts. Besides, FBIs training materials insubstantially claim that Muslim Brotherhood is a terrorist organization. Experts also believe that the anti-terrorism idea of FBIs training materials derogates Muslims from rights, because young men with the Middle Eastern appearance fit the terrorist profile (â€Å"Documents obtained by Judicial Watch Reveal FBI training curricula purged of material deemed â€Å"offensive† to Muslims,† 2013). In contrast to this, one more basic police training idea is that every person is suspected, but not every suspected person is a criminal (Yardley, 2013). In contradistinction to the FBI training idea, policing community, which is characterized by the para-militarism methodology, is aimed at creating the appearance of policing as a kind of warriors, who actually keep the USA for democracy. Nevertheless, many experts consider military thinking within police officers training as a methodology, which is incomparable to the modern necessity of free-acting ad free-thinking officers. The paramilitary training of law enforcement officers teaches them to deal efficiently with civilians and their operational areas. Moreover, the training methodology of police academies teaches officers to follow the Rules of Engagement, which dramatically limit the amount of force that can be applied at a certain place and time (Cowper, 2000). However, as it was mentioned, the FBI agents are allowed to apply their creativity and force in the unlimited amount, depending on the situations. Taking into account all the abovementioned information, one can say that the Federal Bureau of Investigation does not represent the kind of a national police force. Unlike police with its para-militarism training methodology, it represents a national security agency, which deals with various extremely serious security threats at the whole-nation level. Since the mission of the FBI is to secure the USA from the foreign intelligence and terrorism threats, enforce and uphold the U.S. Criminal laws, and provide criminal justice services to the agencies of all levels, the idea of the FBI agents training is based upon these principles. Besides, the FBI anti-terrorism training curriculum is aimed at the maximization of agents performance and minimization of injuries and deaths among them. Therefore, when strengthening its staff by means of trainings’ severe requirements, the FBI enhances the protection of the whole country.

Plastics in the future essays

Plastics in the future essays Today, a wide variety of plastic polymers, also called resins, are derived from natural gas, crude oil or other naturally occurring building blocks. Each polymer is a chain of carbon-based molecules, called monomers, bonded together through a chemical reaction. What these molecules are made of, their structure and the strength of the bonds between them will affect the plastic's physical properties. For example, some plastics are flexible while others are rigid, some can be made into crystal-clear items, others into lightweight foam products. There are many advantages of plastics over traditional materials such as metals and glass. Plastics are lighter and safer than glass for domestic applications, e.g., storage containers, bottles. Plastics products are less expensive to make as the processes require less energy due to lower melting points. Typically, finishing by painting or plating is not required and there is ease in creating intricate shapes. Natural Polymers such as protein-polymers of amino acids are critical to life as we know it. Chemists have copied nature by making synthetic polymers or plastics. There are two basic types of synthetic polymers; addition polymers and condensation polymers. Addition polymers form when a radical initiator adds to a carbon-carbon double bond to yield a reactive intermediate. This intermediate reacts with another monomer molecule to form a second intermediate. This monomeric addition process is repeated. An example of an addition polymer is polyethylene used to make plastic bags and plastic containers. Condensation polymers are formed by the reaction between two difunctional molecules. Each bond in the polymer is formed independently of the others. The monomers usually are in alternating order and the polymer often has atoms other than carbon in the main chain. Polyesters used in clothing and polycarbonates used in making bottles are examples of polymers formed by condensation. Though ...

Terbium Facts - Tb Facts

Terbium Facts - Tb Facts Get Tb facts or terbium facts and figures. Learn about the properties of this important element: TerbiumBasic Facts Atomic Number: 65 Symbol: Tb Atomic Weight: 158.92534 Discovery: Carl Mosander 1843 (Sweden) Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f9 6s2 Element Classification: Rare Earth (Lanthanide) Word Origin: Named after Ytterby, a village in Sweden. Terbium Physical Data Density (g/cc): 8.229 Melting Point (K): 1629 Boiling Point (K): 3296 Appearance: soft, ductile, silvery-gray, rare-earth metal Atomic Radius (pm): 180 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 19.2 Covalent Radius (pm): 159 Ionic Radius: 84 (4e) 92.3 (3e) Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 0.183 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 389 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.2 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 569 Oxidation States: 4, 3 Lattice Structure: Hexagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 3.600 Lattice C/A Ratio: 1.581 References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.) Return to the Periodic Table

Critically analyse the International Olympic Committee, politicaly and Essay

Critically analyse the International Olympic Committee, politicaly and memebers' corruptions - Essay Example The escalation in the price of broadcasting rights for sport is the single largest factor affecting the global sport business. Therefore, the demand of sponsor and mass media has been changed due to the globalisation of the sport market. Both of them need bring some direct and indirect efforts to all audience. The sponsors want to show their brand on advertising and compete against other companies in the global market.( Cooke, 1994) The motive of the broadcast companies is sell advertising slots at hugely increase prices in the globalisation market during the matches. British sporting bodies, having previously jealously guarded their non-governmental status, lobbied the government for a ministry of sport to spearhead a drive for British international sporting success. In the event, the governments sports strategy, published as A Sporting Future For All in April 2000, failed to go this far, even if there were references to a new deal between government and sports governing bodies, the need to enhance the prospects for more success for our top competitors and teams in international competition and the urgent need to learn the lessons of our competitor nations: Government cannot and should not dictate. Moreover, the episode, viewed in conjunction with the fiasco regarding the rebuilding of Wembley as a national football stadium, was adjudged to have seriously damaged British prospects of bidding successfully for the 2012 Olympics or the 2014 World Cup. The Blair government appeared guilty of reneging on both election manifesto and ministerial promises as well as of displaying a distinct lack of feel for the politics of international sport. Certainly, the apparent gap between government rhetoric and events suggested a distinct lack of joined up government, both within government as well as between it and sporting bodies. (Trenberth, 2003) As one editorial observed, unless the Government matches its rhetoric with

Nature of Entrepreneurship course Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nature of Entrepreneurship course - Coursework Example Everyone can become an entrepreneur as it is the easiest thing to do. Easy in the sense that, one doesn’t have to go to school or use a lot of many to become an entrepreneur. As Seth Godin says, one has to study for very many years to become a neurosurgeon (Seth, 2012). However, you doesn’t have to do such for you to become an entrepreneur. This qualifies the fact that entrepreneurs are born. It is also interesting to know that not everyone can become an entrepreneur, even though anyone is able to become one. The nature of entrepreneurship has some connections with other terms such as monopoly, market, entrepreneurial learning, opportunity and creativity. In this essay, we will discuss the nature of entrepreneurship course with relation to the above mentioned terms that are connected to it. Monopoly is a very important tool for entrepreneurs. For one to become a successful entrepreneur, as Seth Godin says, they must have the power of monopoly on various aspects. Monopoly sets in on the issue of space, product, customers and even idea. When an individual can command the market of a particular location, it means they have a monopoly of supply in that location. This is one of the things that keeps them in business and make them successful as entrepreneurs. Monopoly can also exist in the idea that an entrepreneur has. For instance, Apple is able to do what it does because it has a monopoly of idea of meeting the demands of its customers. It provides products that solve the customer’s problems, hence, making their products most likable in the market against their competitors (Nabi & Holden, 2008). Therefore, the idea of monopoly in entrepreneurship, refers to having control over the unique ways of doing business that makes you what you are in what you do. Entrepreneu rship is basically built by the creation of monopoly that becomes like a brand name in business. People can have great ideas that lead them to becoming great entrepreneurs. However,

Floating Exchange Rate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Floating Exchange Rate - Essay Example Since, it is largely dependent on the working of supply and demand, it is said to be self-correcting. The value of the currency will depend on the factors that affect the supply and demand, similar to a simple commodity. If the demand for the currency is high, its value (which is reflective of its a price) will increase. On the other hand, a low demand for the currency in the world market, perhaps brought by a decline in the demand for the domestic products, will cause a depreciation of the currency. Examining the supply side, an increase in the supply of the currency will cause its depreciation while a decline in supply will work the other way. The terms "appreciation" and "depreciation" are used to mean increase in value and decrease in value respectively. However, these terms are only used in the floating exchange rate regime as in the fixed exchange rate; they use the terms "evaluation" and "devaluation". We say that it is "largely", but not "entirely" dependent on the workings o f the private market through the supply and demand because it is not entirely free from government intervention. "In a floating regime, the central bank may also intervene when it is necessary to ensure stability and to avoid inflation", although this is much less often than in a fixed exchange rate regime (Investopedia).One way for the central bank to intervene in a floating exchange rate regime is through "buying and selling of its own currency reserves in the foreign exchange market

M Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

M - Personal Statement Example That is why a major in communications would be such a valuable asset to me. I know that this is a field that is burgeoning, and that it will be in great demand in years to come. This degree will help me achieve my career goals as a master communicator, both in person and via social media. I really enjoy interacting with people and the degree in communications is going to help me perfect those communication skills even more. My participation in various activities has led me to believe that I’m very interested in other peoples’ stories and their thoughts. What they say matters. Perhaps I could become involved in TV production, become a social media expert, or other types of careers where a communication degree is needed. From what I understand, my interest in communications had begun to develop when I was a very young person. I always had an interest in seeing what other people would say, do, and how they would react to certain information. I think it is this involvement in other peoples’ lives that brought me to the place where I was intrigued by how people interact themselves. This is the essence and the heart of what the communications degree at University of California means to me, and why it is so crucial that I get accepted to this program. I intend to utilize my degree in communications to better peoples’ lives through: my interest in the field; a continued participation in activities that would further my knowledge in the field of communications; and a continued involvement in communications that will shape me into the person I will be in the future. This degree in communications will make me a successful individual in life. Personal Statement #2 Tell us about a personal quality, talent, accomplishment, contribution or experience that is important to you. What about this quality or accomplishment makes you proud and how does it relate to the person you are? The most important contribution I ever made was helping my father; it m ade me proud of who I am, and I believe it demonstrates my strength of character as it relates to the person those actions have made me into who I am today. Every winter when I went back to my country, I have helped my father decide what to do in the future—in terms of making executive decisions about the family business. For example, one time my father was making the decision to open a store. After he opened a supermarket, for example, the next winter I would go back home and help him oversee the business. Whenever there was a new business to open in subsequent winters, I would return to my native country. I would help my Dad choose which location we should use for the new store. We would negotiate rental fees, and resolve issues that were pertinent to the business. Even those are relatively small elements of opening a new store, every decision contributes to the overall success of the business. This makes me extremely proud of my heritage, knowing that I am helping my fathe r to help our own people by giving them choices and opportunities within their communities to make purchases that will help their own families in some way. Being proud of oneself, after all, is not just about what others can do for you. Family pride and community heritage is about what you can do for other people. So, I realize, that in helping my father, I am not only helping himself, but also my family, our community, and last but

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Marketing - Essay Example This was actually a result of proper planning which was influenced by the previous experience that the company had in Japanese market. In 2002 eBay had to withdraw its operation from Japan and it was a result of lack of proper planning. Cultural and social environment is one of the most important factors especially when business is done in the international market. However it is more important while a traditional product or service is marketed as compared to any online product or brand like eBay. In order to achieve success it is very important for the companies to modify their products and offerings according to the needs and demands of the customers. Like any other successful company, eBay has also modified its offerings. In 1998 the company launched an online automobile website where customers can buy or sell real cars. Before launching this site company realized the increasing demand of such a site where people can deal with real cars. Moreover PayPal was purchased by eBay with the objective of providing better payment options to the customers. Pricing is another crucial factor in order to stay ahead in the competition in the international market. eBay, when started did not charge any money for any auction, but with the increasing popularity they also started to charge a small amount as fee. eBay designed its pricing policy considering the demand of its customers throughout the world. It is very important to reach the target customers properly; as a result organizations always try to form an effective distribution channel. An online company like eBay do not has traditional distribution channel. It reaches it’s customers through the internet. People can purchase or sell various products by accessing internet from any where in the world. So, it can be said that internet is the main distribution channel for eBay to reach to its global customers. Promotion is another crucial factor for increasing awareness about the

Demographics and Voting Patterns Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Demographics and Voting Patterns - Research Paper Example However, Obama used much of his manpower on the ground and as his winning-formulae (Perry 178). One of his tactics was the demographic voting patterns and he created firm grounds among the African-Americans, Hispanic and women. According to an Associated Press exit poll report, 71 percent of the Hispanics and 93 percent of the African-Americans voted in favor of Obama. Women in particular, helped Obama to win the re-elections. For instance, 55 percent voted in favor of the sitting President compared to 44 percent votes that were in favor of Romney (FEDERATION FOR AMERICAN IMMIGRATION REFORM, â€Å"Immigration and the 2012 Elections†). In October, 2012, the Pew Hispanic Center reported that Hispanic voted for Obama because immigration issues were vital to them. For example, according to an analysis of poll exit, more Latinos voted for President Obama over Romney by 71 percent and 27 percent respectively (Lopez and Taylor, â€Å"Latino Voters in the 2012 Election†). The women issues that attracted them to Obama’s recipe for his campaigns were him addressing the issues of healthcare, education and social amenities (Espo, â€Å"President Obama Wins Second Term in Victory over Mitt Romney†). President Obama.† Boston.com. Retrieved from:

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Marketing - Essay Example This was actually a result of proper planning which was influenced by the previous experience that the company had in Japanese market. In 2002 eBay had to withdraw its operation from Japan and it was a result of lack of proper planning. Cultural and social environment is one of the most important factors especially when business is done in the international market. However it is more important while a traditional product or service is marketed as compared to any online product or brand like eBay. In order to achieve success it is very important for the companies to modify their products and offerings according to the needs and demands of the customers. Like any other successful company, eBay has also modified its offerings. In 1998 the company launched an online automobile website where customers can buy or sell real cars. Before launching this site company realized the increasing demand of such a site where people can deal with real cars. Moreover PayPal was purchased by eBay with the objective of providing better payment options to the customers. Pricing is another crucial factor in order to stay ahead in the competition in the international market. eBay, when started did not charge any money for any auction, but with the increasing popularity they also started to charge a small amount as fee. eBay designed its pricing policy considering the demand of its customers throughout the world. It is very important to reach the target customers properly; as a result organizations always try to form an effective distribution channel. An online company like eBay do not has traditional distribution channel. It reaches it’s customers through the internet. People can purchase or sell various products by accessing internet from any where in the world. So, it can be said that internet is the main distribution channel for eBay to reach to its global customers. Promotion is another crucial factor for increasing awareness about the

Effects of Technology Essay Example for Free

Effects of Technology Essay The advent and development of computer technology through the past three decades may be the most important and revolutionary technology ever invented in history. It has completely changed the way people do things, from interpersonal communication to professional transactions. Computers have affected the cultures of families, friends, offices, academes and even states and countries. The effect of computer technology can be felt starting with the most basic social institution, the family. The personal computer has become a regular fixture in millions of homes around the world as much as the television or the couch. Some families even own more than one computer units. Of course, the statistics would be lower among less developed countries. Nevertheless, an effect of the prevalence of the personal computer is that it has become more and more affordable. For third world countries, the idea of catching up has also come to mean being competitive when it comes to computer literacy compared to developed countries. Parents use the computer to surf the Net, look for job-related information or anything that interests them like news or hobby sites. The children use the computer as aid in making assignments and research, playing video games or make friends they won’t ever see in person through the chat rooms. Outside the home, the influence of computers is felt much more. Offices cannot survive without computers as they are used for word processing, calculations, presentations, and other tasks. Internet technology, an offshoot of computers, has created a thriving electronic-based commerce which has made millionaires out of people whose capital has been their mere creative minds. Other activities that before were done without computers are now computer aided. Automated banking has made banking and bill payments possible even outside office hours. People can shop online using their credit cards without the hassle of crowds and miles of walking inside malls just to find the perfect shirt or gift. Government agencies keep voluminous records and provide computer-aided services making it possible to make transactions with the public even without the latter’s physical appearance. Like all technologies, the computer has its downsides, too. For instance, it has caused concern regarding the privacy of people as with the interconnectedness of networks in cyberspace it has become easy to look for information about anybody. Another is that computers, being machines, break down. Since people have grown dependent to this machine, a crash or malfunction of computers especially those doing tasks which a lot of people depend on (like ATMs when they go offline or very important data that suddenly become irretrievable with a crash) could result to a lot of frustration and anxiety. Computer technology has also created computer addicts and affected the health and social skills of some people who would rather sit in front of a monitor than interact with humans or play ball outside. Computer technology has become so prevalent and people and nations have become dependent to it so much so that in modern times it has become unimaginable to survive without computers. The future is going to be defined by how fast and how far computer technology is going to take humankind and to be computer-illiterate in this modern world is to be left behind in the past.

Vector And Raster Data In Gis Computer Science Essay

Vector And Raster Data In Gis Computer Science Essay A Geographical Information System (GIS) is a method of spatially storing, analysing, manipulating, managing and displaying geographical data. GIS data represents real objects such as roads, rivers, urban areas, place names, railway, places of interest, town names etc. with digital data determining the mix. A geodatabase is a database that is in some way referenced to locations on earth. Traditionally, there are two broad methods used to store data in a GIS; raster images and vector. Ordnance Survey Ireland (OSI) data is supplied in both Vector and Raster format. In both cases the data is geo-referenced. VECTOR AND RASTER DATA Vector data is split into three types; polygon, line (or arc) and point data. Vector is a method for storing spatial data involving assigning coordinates for each entity; an X,Y, Z for a point, a pair of such points for a line and a series of such lines for a polygon. This method is very useful for modeling discrete physical features. Different geographical features are expressed by different types of geometry: Points A point is a zero-dimensional abstraction of an object represented by a single X, Y co-ordinate. It is normally used to represent a geographic feature too small to be displayed as a line or an area (e.g. location of a building on a small scale map or, for example, cities on a map of the world might be represented by points not polygons). No measurements are possible with point features. Figure 1- Vector representation Source: http://www.geom.unimelb.edu.au/gisweb/GISModule/GIST_Vector.html Lines or polylines A set of co-ordinates that represent the shape of geographic features that are too narrow to be displayed as an area, such as, county boundary lines or contours. At small scales geographic features may have no area, e.g. streams or streets and may be represented as linear features rather than as a polygon. Line features can measure distance. Polygons Polygons are used to represent areas. Such as lakes, park boundaries or land uses etc. Polygons convey the most amount of information of the file types and can measure perimeter and area. Rigaux et al. (2002:p.38) states, A point is represented by its pair of coordinates, whereas more complex linear and surfacic objects are represented by structures (lists, sets, arrays) on the point representation. These geometries can be linked to a row in a database that describes their attributes. For example, a database that describes lakes may contain a lakes depth, water quality, pollution level. Different geometries can also be compared and the GIS could be used, for example, to identify all wells (point geometry) that are within one kilometre of a lake (polygon geometry) that has a high level of pollution. Vector data can be displayed at any scale and individual layers (e.g. roads, buildings, etc) can be displayed or omitted (see Appendix A). Raster Ellis states that raster is a method for the storage, processing and display of spatial data. There are three types of raster datasets; thematic data, spectral data and pictures. Raster data consists of rows and columns of cells, with each cell storing a single value. Raster data can be images containing individual dots with colour values, called cells (or pixels), arranged in a rectangular evenly spaced array. Each cell must be rectangular in shape, but not necessarily square (Ellis 2001). Each cell within this matrix contains location co-ordinates as well as an attribute value. The spatial location of each cell is implicitly contained within the ordering of the matrix, unlike a vector structure which stores topology explicitly. Areas containing the same attribute value are recognised as such, however, raster structures cannot identify the boundaries of areas such as polygons. Raster data is an abstraction of the real world where spatial data is expressed as a matrix of cells or pixels with spatial position implicit in the ordering of the pixels. With the raster data model, spatial data is not continuous but divided into discrete units. Ellis states that this makes raster data particularly suitable for certain types of spatial operation, for example overlays or area calculations. Raster structures may lead to increased storage in certain situations, since they store each cell in the matrix regardless of whether it is a feature or simply empty space. Additional values recorded for each cell may be a discrete value, such as land use, a continuous value, such as temperature, or a null value if no data is available. While a raster cell stores a single value, it can be extended by using raster bands to represent RGB (red, green, blue) colours, colour maps (a mapping between a thematic code and RGB value), or an extended attribute table with one row for each unique cell value. The resolution of the raster data set is its cell width in ground units. Anyone who is familiar with digital photography will recognize the Raster graphics pixel as the smallest individual grid unit building block of an image, usually not readily identified as an artifact shape until an image is produced on a very large scale (see Appendix B). A combination of the pixels making up an image colour formation scheme will compose details of an image, as is distinct from the commonly used points, lines, and polygon area location symbols of vector graphics. Aerial photographs and satellite images are examples of raster images used in mapping. Figure 2 Aerial Photo Digitally scanned and ortho-rectified raster colour photography. The ortho-rectification process removes distortions caused by camera tilt and topographical features to produce a scale accurate image. Source: OSI Raster data is stored in various formats; from a standard file-based structure of TIF, JPEG, etc. to binary large object data stored directly in a relational database management system. Raster v Vector There are some important advantages and disadvantages to using a raster or vector data model to represent reality: Vector graphics are usually more aesthetically pleasing. Raster data will appear as an image that may have a blocky appearance for object boundaries (depending on the resolution of the raster file). Vector data is simpler to update and maintain, whereas a raster image will have to be completely reproduced (e.g. a new road is added). Vector data allows much more analysis capability, especially for networks such as roads, rail, telecommunications etc. Distances and areas can be calculated automatically. With raster data it is difficult to adequately represent linear features depending on the cell resolution. Therefore, network linkages are difficult to establish. Vector files require less disk storage space than raster data. Raster data allows easy implementation of overlay operations, which are more difficult with vector data. Raster data structure allows simple spatial analysis procedures An outline of the application of vector and raster data by OSI in Ireland is included in Appendix C. Non-spatial data Relating the spatial component along with the non-spatial attributes of the existing data e.g. census figures (see Appendix D) enhances the users understanding and gives new insights into the patterns and relationships in the data that otherwise would not be found. Non-spatial data can be stored along with the spatial data represented by the coordinates of vector geometry or the position of a raster cell. In vector data, the additional data contains attributes of the feature. In raster data the cell value can store attribute information, but it can also be used as an identifier that can relate to records in another table. Software is currently being developed to support the solutions to spatial problems being integrated with solutions to non-spatial problems. This will result in non experts using GIS to integrate spatial and non spatial criteria to view solutions to complex problems and to assist in decision-making. Data capture The processes of data collection are also variously referred to as data capture, data automation, data conversion, data transfer, data translation, and digitizing. The two main types of data capture are: Primary data sources e.g. those collected in digital format specifically for use in a GIS project. Secondary sources, digital and analog datasets that were collected for a different purpose and need to be converted into a suitable digital format for use in a GIS project. For vector data capture the two main branches are ground surveying and GPS. Survey data can be directly entered into a GIS from digital data collection systems on survey instruments. Positions from a Global Navigation Satellite System like Global Positioning System (GPS), another survey tool, can also be directly entered into a GIS. New technologies allow creating maps as well as analysis directly in the field and as a result projects are more efficient and mapping is more accurate. Remotely sensed data also plays an important role in data collection and consists of sensors (e.g. cameras, digital scanners) attached to a platform which usually consist of aircraft and satellites. The majority of digital data currently comes from photo interpretation of aerial photographs. Workstations are used to digitize features directly from stereo pairs of digital photographs. These systems allow data to be captured in two and three dimensions, with elevations measured directly from a stereo pair using principles of photogrammetry. Photographs are collected by analog or optical cameras before being entered into a soft copy system, but as high quality digital cameras become cheaper this step will be eliminated. Satellite remote sensing provides another important source of spatial data. Remote sensing collects raster data that can be further processed to identify objects and classes of interest, such as forested areas. The disadvantages are that the resolution is often too course or sensors are restricted by cloud cover. Entering data into GIS usually requires editing, to remove errors, or further processing. For vector data it must be made topologically correct before it can be used for some advanced analysis. For example, in a road network, lines must connect with nodes at an intersection. For scanned maps, blemishes on the source map may need to be removed from the resulting raster. To ensure that the data is specific and reliable and that represents as closely as possible the spatial world we live in, it requires a quality insurance process to manage completeness, validity, logical consistency, physical consistency, referential integrity and positional accuracy of data. Raster-to-vector translation Vectorisation is the process of converting raster data into vector data. For example, a GIS may be used to convert a satellite image map to a vector structure by generating lines around all cells with the same classification, while determining the cell spatial relationships. One of the biggest problems with data obtained from external sources is that they can be encoded in many different formats. Many tools have been developed to move data between systems and to reuse data through open application programming interfaces. Therefore, a GIS must be able to convert geographic data from one structure to another. CONCLUSION When data is captured, the user should consider if the data should be captured with either a relative accuracy or absolute accuracy, as this could not only influence how information will be interpreted but also the cost of data capture. Vector data can be manipulated, layers can be turned on and off, data can be edited or deleted and additional data can be added in. Raster data is usually used as a background map. Raster is not as intelligent as Vector, Rigaux et al. (2002: p.39) states the structure is unfortunately not powerful enough to ensure the correctness of the representation. It is more useful as a display map for brochures, internet and power point presentations. Oosterom Van, P.J. (1993:p.vii) states the ever increasing availabilitiy of hardware such as digitizers, scanners workstations, graphic displays, printers and plotters for the input, processing, and output of geographic data only partly explains the growing interest in GISs. GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualise data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. GIS helps one answer questions and solve problems by looking at data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared. Figure 3 GIS continues to evolve Source: Cummens 2010 ERSI Many forces are converging transforming how we work and improving efficiency and decision making (see Fig. 3 above). GIS Is becoming Mainstream Technology going beyond focused applications (Cummens 2010). GIS is helping citizens, business and Government by improving planning, management, communications and decision making. REFERENCES Cummens, Patricia (2010) Geographic Information Enabling a Smarter Government and Economy at the SCS Conference 2010. ESRI. Ellis, F. (2001) Introduction to GIS. Melbourne: University of Melbourne. Oosterom Van, P.J. (1993) Reactive Data Structures for Geographic Information Systems. New York: Oxford University Press. Rigaux, P., Scholl, M., Voisard, A (2002) Spatial Databases with Applications to GIS. San Fransisco: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. http://www.osi.ie/en/academic/third-level-and-academic.aspx?article=4bf958eb-bf0b-4b28-a0d9-24586fadbaab Accessed 27/10/2010

The Interrelationship among Self, Others, and Environment Essay

Why do human beings behave the way they do? How do individuals form relationships with others? What components of an individual’s physiological makeup and the surrounding atmosphere affect the formation of judgments about themselves, others’, and every day events? Does one’s membership within a particular group affect his or her thoughts, emotions, and actions towards others? Is aggression the product of biology or environment? Questions such as this form the foundation of social psychology, a field with the primary focus being the systematic study of human cognition, emotion, and actions. Social psychologists seek to understand the way human beings develop thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, as well as, the effect our environment, mainly our interactions with others, has on the formation of these very things. We can divide social psychology into three main categories: self, others, and environment. Each category consists of several additional topics all relating to the broad category under which the subject matter falls. The first category is the self and the primary focus is the exploration of the way individuals form impressions of themselves. Topics relating to the concept of self include self-schemas, self-esteem, self-efficacy, self-awareness, and the acting self. The second category builds upon the foundation of the self and examines the methods individuals use to form impressions of others. Subjects relating to the way human beings think, perceive, and relate to others include attributions, attitudes, behavior, judgments, as well as, prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination. The third category relates to the environment, particularly the relationship to and influence of others on an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and b... ...es with taking into account the role of culture. Culture typically reflects the social norms and customs of the geographic location in which an individual resides; consequently, one’s culture has a profound influence on our conception of self. Human beings conception of self evolves throughout our life and culture provides a high degree of influence on the way we perceive others and ourselves. Independent cultures view the individual as a unique entity whose qualities develop apart from the social environment, while interdependent cultures view individuals as the collective product of his or her social connections and environment. Works Cited Feenstra, J. (2011). Introduction to social psychology. San Diego, California , United State: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. . Retrieved April 19, 2012, from https://content.ashford.edu/books/AUPSY301.11.1/sections/fm

Driving Restrictions Essay -- essays research papers

Driving Restrictions There are many accidents everyday that are costing people their lives. My young brothers and most definitely my grandparents would probably kill me for saying so, but there should be some changes made to the laws concerning the age requirements of drivers. If the State of Ohio changed the age requirement of operating a vehicle to between 18-70 years of age, our roads would be much safer to drive on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you had told me when I turned sixteen that I couldn’t get my license until I turned eighteen, I would have thrown a fit. Now that I am older, I realize that I had no business driving an automobile at 16 years old. I was the typical teenage driver. The cool one, who had the â€Å"Detroit lean,† with the seat tilted so far back that I couldn’t see over the dashboard, and could only reach the pedals with my big toe. There’s no way I could hear emergency sirens with the music being turned up so loud that it caused my mirrors shake. If asked most teens would say that they don’t think of the consequences their driving could bring, because if they had then the statistics of fatalities due to car accidents would not be so high. In 1997, according to the US Department of Transportation, 7,885 teens were involved in fatal crashes. They also claim that teen crashes are 4 times the normal rate of accidents. These accidents are occurring because teens tend to take more risks. They drive too fast and usually aren’t paying attention to the r...

Course purshasing Essay

* Founded by France Dominique Mandonnaud in 1969 as a simple perfume shop. * By 1979 the company was already expanded to â€Å"several stores† * Originally, Sephora was planned to be self-service store that offers a variety of products. * Its founder Mandonnaud rebranded his combined set of stores in order to expand is market. * Mandonnaud extended its branches all over France by acquiring 8% of total French retail perfume market and was purchased by LVMH, luxury product group, for $262 million in 1997. * Sephora expanded its operations and services beyond the perfume industry and expanding its core of products to cosmetics. * Under LNMH’s ownership and opened its first U. S store in New York City in 1998 However, this presented a challenge for the company as they had a difficult time to supply the products from other prestigious brands; such as Estee Lauder and Clinique. * The Company banked on rather unknown brands to fill its shelves therefore, these relationships grew strong and eventually this fact led to the innovation and creativity of these brands to introduce new lines of products. * Sephora confronted many issues on their cosmetic line division, especially with the direct line of supply from other stores. * Bottom line, Sephora offers more than 200 brands that go from the typical classics to new and exotic brands; altogether, Sephora counts with more than 20,000 products. Among those products we could find top of line and sophisticated brands as well as not so well know products. * Sephora formed an strategic alliance with JC Penny. * Sephora. com was projected to generate 15-20% of Sephora USA sales in 2010. * Sephora. com ranked top 50 retail sites in U. S SWOT analysis Strengths * Globally distributed with more than 1000 shops worldwide * Strong parent company; LVMH * More than 20,000 products to offer. * Strong online sales * self-service approach to cosmetics * Strong emphasis on construct loyalty brand by tracking down the customers shopping habits. Weaknesses * Modest operational budget. * Low brand recognition * Lack of TV promotions and print ads. * Higher price than drugstores and supermarkets Opportunities * Enhance their customer loyalty program in order to build a â€Å"relationship† with the product consumers. * Sign contracts with famous celebrities to endorse their products. * Introduction to enter into emerging economies such as Brazil and India. Threats * Economic downturn. * Other companies in the same industry. * Amazon and other online companies that sale cosmetic, with their aggressive approach could certainly become a threat. Identification of Problem * Personnel and financial constraints needed to be addressed. * Imagination and inventiveness was greatly needed. * Budget limitation, presented a real challenge when it comes to budget allocation to different initiatives. * Outcomes assessment of social media campaigns as well as mobile applications constituted a real test to overcome. Sephora Direct Julie Bornstein took Sephora on another journey. She transforms the marketing view to a much modern and up to date campaigns. * New Budget request was introduced in order to launch a major campaign that will include social media, web site enhancement as well as the implementation of â€Å"customer relationship† campaigns. * Campaign success should be assessed thorough out Facebook â€Å"likes† and twitter followers as well as I phone application downloads. Sephora. com and Beauty Insider * Sephora. com was implement on 1999 with very imp clear short and long term goals. * Up to 25% of sales should be generated by Sephora. com by 2010. * By 2007 Sephora developed its Beauty Insider campaign. * Incentives such as 1 point for every dollar, redeem points programs are among those strategies in order to create that â€Å"relationship† with its customers Social Media Although this initiative had a rocky start, eventually become a success, Bornstein visionary initiative and her persistence, this initiate obtained 1 million product reviews posted on their web site. (Ofek, 2012). Facebook * Sephora join Facebook by 2008 in less than a year their account had close to 300,000 fans in Facebook. * Last statistics show the Sephora page with more than 900,000 Twitter * By 2010, Sephora had approx. 100,000 users. * Primarily used for current promos, contests, events, etc. * Customers used it to tweet about newly found products. You Tube * Used by Sephora to upload â€Å"How to Videos† on make-up applications; however this sharing video site could be utilized on a much more aggressive way. Cell phone applications * The rapid pace of technology forced mayor companies such as Sephora to create applications for smart phones like IPhone, Droid, Blackberry, etc. Alternatives Budget Re-distribution As stated previously the fast pace of technology constitute a real challenge not only to Sephora but to every single company. Therefore, I would like to present the following suggestions: * Cellphone applications should really receive a great attention and consequently, more financial Resources. * Pros * Instant reaching out to their customer base * Cons * Increase cost of application development fees. * Facebook, according to younger generations has become â€Å"not cool† and obviously not as attractive for younger women, therefore Sephora should look into other popular social media networks in order target new customers that eventually become loyal customers. Instagram, Pheed, thumb, Medium, etc. should be receiving at least 5% of the developmental budget for emerging social sites. * Pros * Targeting potential new buyers, young men and women that are eager to take on the world. * Cons * This target population might take some time in order to become actual customers. * Beauty Insider should remain at 20% as this constitutes the strongest campaign for Sephora when it comes to help â€Å"Sephora loyal customers†. * Pros * Continuous catering of â€Å"loyal customers† * Cons * Become obsolete if new strategies are not develop. * Retailing – print catalogs, store animations. Should receive 30% percent of their developmental budget as these tools have become obsolete for the most part. (Personal opinion) * Pros * Reduction of cost in traditional advertise. * Cons * Potential loose of mature but loyal customers. Recommendation Finally, my recommendation will be to start a comprehensive Research of outcomes in the different categories of initiates developed under Julie Bornstein leadership. Based on those findings re-restructure the entire budget and re-think some of our means to reach out to new and existing customers. We live in a fast speed life and therefore our customers are as busy as they could help. Therefore Sephora must constantly evaluate and re-design their marketing strategies in order to provide the upmost friendly user options to inform serve and sell our products and services to their consumers. Therefore I would choose the Cellphone application development to receive a greater part of the advertisement developmental budget and at the same time re-balance other line of the budgets in order to adjust the budgets accordingly to the outcomes evaluation done thorough the above suggested research.

Nestlé Refrigerated Pizza Case

In 1990 Nestle Refrigerated Food Company, NRFC, subsidiary of Nestle S. A, had to decide about the launch of a refrigerated pizza, under the name of Contadina pizza, continuing the build of the refrigerated food category it started few years ago with the launch of the Contadina pasta and sauces, and where the satisfying results exceeded expectations, NRFC would be then the first mover in this new category product, pre empting its serious and major competitor: Kraft general food who was on his way to make a similar launch(their launch is expected within six months). The market studies consisting of the forecast of the estimated demand show that the pizza launch is recommended, and it should better be with the pizza and topping product instead of the pizza only, and that the basic business requirement $45 million(factory dollar sales) could be met with a minimum of 7% of market penetration. The opportunity is great since the Italian ethnic food market is developing very fast, but NRFC should be very careful since bad results could seriously hurt the Contadina brand name built with the success of the pasta and sauces. The price of the offering should be adjusted to lower levels and a heavy advertising support should be carried. Situation Analysis: NRFC first entered the refrigerated food market by launching the Contadina pasta and sauces . it was an undeveloped market in 1987 where fresh pasta was considered to be a premium product sold only in specialty stores. At that time refrigerated foods were responsible of 7% of Nestle global sales with very little contribution from us market. The refrigerated food was perceived as fresh, very convenient and with high quality, but in the us market it raises a serious problem of distribution because of its nature as refrigerated, for what NRFC devised a highly distribution system from the factory in Danville, Virginia, and took the option to utilize food brokers, who earned a 3%-5% commission, who acted as sales agents. The results were very satisfying, and Nestle became the established market leader: $150 million retail sales by 1990. Refrigerated pizza was the natural extension of this introduction. The threatening competition came from Kraft’s DiGiorno pasta and sauce, a 90day shelf life against the 40 days for NRFC products. Kraft was a subsidiary of Philip Morris Companies, Inc, the food division of which was one of the largest manufacturer and marketer of frozen food in the USA. Kraft’s had operating revenue of $25 billion, in the time the total Nestle sales were at 54,500 millions of Swiss francs. And beside their test for the pasta and sauce products, Kraft test-marketed a refrigerated pizza of which the rumor said the launch would take place within six months, increasing pressure over NRFC management who were looking for the first mover advantage, as they had with Contadina pasta and sauces. The pizza market in the USA, evaluated at $18,4 billion, was targeting 95. 5 million households, and was dominated by restaurants, with 88% of total sales, even if 60% of pizza were eaten at home; with a large national franchisors – such as Pizza Hut and Domino’s pizza- as well as numerous local competitors. The consumers were perceiving the pizza in general as very convenient, easy to prepare and to serve, adequate for the whole family; and the frozen pizza was seen as less valuable than the take out pizza or the Contadina kit / the assembled pizza set for evaluation ( exhibit 13 and exhibit 14). Concept tests: The main products tested by NRFC for the pizza launch were the pizza kit with the option of available toppings (pizza and topping) and the pizza kit with no additional toppings (pizza only), and they used the BASES model to forecast the estimated demand. Numerous assumptions were used in the purpose to make the tests very close to reality, such as the parent brand penetration and the total brand awareness. (-the parent penetration was estimated at 24% by the marketing staff, but MRD – the market research department-recommended to check volume projections with penetration ranging from 5 to 25%. -$18 million would be dedicated to promotion and advertising, based on what 37% of overall awareness was used in the forecast. ) The results (see exhibits A,B,C,D ) show that: at 24% user penetration the option A (pizza kit plus toppings) would allow a margin of $12,570 millions while the option B (pizza only) let a total factory sales amount of $35,137 well below the $45,000 millions basic business requirements. -the exhibit 21 shows for the â€Å"top two box† a noticeable difference between the Contadina users and non users, it gets obvious then that the amount of the percentage of brand users will heavily affect the results. Fo r that reason we set different scenarios assuming various user penetrations: 5% 10% 15% and 20%, the option A results start insuring the NRFC threshold at a minimum user penetration of 7%. So these numbers recommend the introduction of the refrigerated pizza with the toppings option. Let’s have a look on the concept test for the pizza comparing to that for the Contadina pasta and sauces: * For the pasta we can see (exhibit 6) that 26% of total surveyed persons perceive it as a fresh product, only 8% think its price is too high, and 61% found nothing dislikable in it. * About the pizza (exhibit 19) 26% found it too expensive comparing to the take out or delivery one, even among those who were favorable to the product, only 4% perceived it as natural with no preservatives, and 12% disliked the general taste. Comparing the refrigerated pizza to the other ones available on the market we can see on the exhibit 20 that the it is perceived as better tasting than the frozen pizza (9 on a ten point scale) but is rated 7. 3 on the same scale for the â€Å"tasting as good as take out or home delivered pizza†, which means that it should have excellent quality to be l ess threatened by these ones and that it will be more valuable and gets better perception than the frozen pizza. The pizza opportunity is the logical continuity of the pasta one, but in fact the context is pretty different: for both we can talk about ethnic food development, but as the time there are not too many substitute products to the pasta, the number of Italian restaurants ,pizza franchisors retail outlets, was so numerous, with the maximum freshness that makes the operation surrounded by some risks to penetrate this market, meanwhile for the pasta demand against the actual market offering made the refrigerated category grow even with the DiGiorno entry. During the development process for the pizza, from the idea generation to the commercialization, the BASES II involved a concept test combined with product test, the choice of the respondents who were given the product to test can lead to results not reflecting their real opinion about it, since they will feel treated in a special way and then can be much more favorable to the product, altering their judgment. Instead, a blind test might give better feedback. The BASES seems to be a tool to assess the market potential, and evaluate the wareness level, but a better return about the new product could be achieved by a larger testing operation, which would be expensive, and might be used by competitors in their advantage. Among the Michael porter’s five forces concerning the pizza market NFRC is aiming to penetrate, the two threats who concern them the most are: the substitutes – the large number of restaurants and outlets selling fresh pizza- , and their main competitor Di Giorno, and it is clear that this situation could make NRFC expedite the launch operation in such a way that it could make judgment mistakes. Recommendations: The market studies are favorable for the new pizza launch, but the opportunity is less interesting that the one for the pasta, the case for the pizza is surrounded by great risks that the management should seriously consider: -the opportunity is sensitive to parent brand, for that reason NRFC should take more time to fine tune the pasta product, and not hurry for the pizza in a manner that could considerably hurt the initial pasta and sauces success. proceed for a larger product testing, even if there is a risk that competitors might take profits of it, and try to target the Contadina non users in larger amounts for the test -improve the pizza taste according to feedback from the test, and cut off prices in such way that they match the customer’s expectations since they will compare it to the existing products from other suppliers. The new product should be then positioned in an intermediate range between the frozen pizza and the existing fresh pizza (restaura nts, pizza outlets, and so on) -delaying the launch could make DiGiorno launch its own pizza and then be the first mover in the refrigerated pizza market: take this as an opportunity and try to learn from his mistakes: the market risks are real and for sure that competitor will meet difficulties, learn from that and try to improve the product introduction.